Socioeconomic Disparities in Adoption of Personal Health Records Over Time

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Since 2009, federal policies have incentivized medical organizations to provide medical record access to patients. We sought to track personal health record (PHR) adoption and differences by sociodemographic group over time.

Study Design: Random-digit-dial survey conducted for 4 consecutive years in New York state.

Methods: The Empire State Poll is a random digit-dial survey conducted every year in New York state, with an annual sample size of 800 individuals, weighted to create a representative state sample. We analyzed 4 consecutive years of poll data to examine trends.

Results: The proportion of New Yorkers using PHRs rose sharply, from 11% in 2012 to 27% in 2015. By 2015, there were no significant differences in PHR use between blacks and other races, but Hispanics and low-income respondents were less likely to use PHRs.

Conclusions: During a 4-year period in which federal policies incentivized medical organizations to give medical record access to patients through PHRs and electronic portals, rates of PHR use increased rapidly in all sociodemographic groups. However, a digital divide remains evident, linked to Hispanic ethnicity and lower income.

Am J Manag Care. 2016;22(8):539-540

Take-Away Points

• More patients are using personal health records (PHRs) than ever before.
• Current data suggest blacks and other races are equally likely to use PHRs; however, Hispanics and patients with Medicaid are still less likely to use PHRs.
• Additional outreach may still be necessary to ensure disadvantaged groups are using available technologies.

Giving patients access to their medical data through personal health records (PHRs) and electronic patient portals has been promoted as a way to engage them in healthcare decisions and health promotion.^1,2 An electronic patient portal is a Web-based account provided by a healthcare organization that allows patients to view their medical records, correspond securely with healthcare providers, and perform other health-related tasks, such as requesting medication refills. Portals are sometimes called “tethered PHRs” because of their close link to a single healthcare organization. Portals have become more common in the United States³ as a result of the Federal Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Program (informally known as the “Meaningful Use” program).

Since 2010, this program has been incentivizing healthcare providers and hospitals to adopt EHRs, and when they do, they are required to make the electronic data available to patients.⁴ However, early studies of these consumer types of information technology (IT) showed that patients in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups were less likely to use them, leading to concern that the “digital divide” might prevent some of the neediest patients from benefiting.^5-8 Additionally, patients with less education may also have less confidence in the benefits of health IT.⁹ To investigate the rate of public adoption of health IT over time, we asked about portal/PHR use in random-digit-dial telephone polls for 4 consecutive years in the state of New York.

METHODS

The Empire State Poll is a survey of adult New York state residents (n = 800) conducted by the Survey Research Institute of Cornell University.¹⁰ Each year, samples are drawn from random-digit-dial lists covering cell and land lines. Response rates (the number of completed surveys divided by total eligible sample) have been 22% to 33% each year, with cooperation rates (the number of completed surveys divided by eligible individuals contacted) between 66% and 70%.

Since 2011, we have included questions to assess public attitudes and perceptions of health IT.¹¹ From 2012 through 2015, we included the following question: “Some hospitals, doctor’s offices, health plans, and different organizations are offering websites where you can get, keep, and update your health information online. This information could be lab test results, medicines, doctor visits, or other information. You would get a user name and password so that only you could see your information on this website. These websites are sometimes called personal health records (PHRs) or patient portals. Have you ever used one of these websites where you can get, keep, or update your health information?”

Chi-squared tests and Cochrane-Armitage tests for trend were performed using survey weights to account for the sampling design and produce statewide estimates. The study was approved by the Cornell University Institutional Review Board.

RESULTS

The weighted proportion of New Yorkers who reported using a PHR rose from 11% in 2012 to 27.1% in 2015 (P <.01 for 4-year trend) (Figure). Black individuals were initially substantially less likely to use portals/PHRs than whites, but the proportion of black respondents using these technologies rose sharply (4.3% in 2012, 7.5% in 2013, 14.3% in 2014, and 23.9% in 2015; P <.001 for trend). By 2015, the proportion of blacks who used portals/PHRs was not significantly different from the proportion of other races (23.9% vs 28.1%; P = .25).

A different trend was seen among individuals of Hispanic ethnicity. In 2012, the PHR adoption rate among Hispanics was not significantly lower than the rate among non-Hispanics (9% vs 11.1%; P = .52). By 2015, despite an increase, the adoption rate lagged significantly behind the rate for non-Hispanics (15.8% vs 29.3%; P = .001). Also, the portal/PHR adoption rate among low-income respondents (household income <$50,000) also rose, but remained about half the rate reported by higher-income respondents (7.2% vs 13.5% in 2012, P = .007; 18.2% vs 32.6% in 2015, P <.001).

As previously reported, the use of portals/PHRs was also more common among patients who used the Internet more frequently, those with higher education, and those using prescription medications.⁹

DISCUSSION

During a 4-year period in which federal policies incentivized medical organizations to give medical record access to patients through PHRs and electronic portals, the proportion of New Yorkers who used these technologies more than doubled. Racial disparities in technology adoption largely disappeared during this time. However, disparities on the basis of income and Hispanic ethnicity did not narrow. Despite large and rapid across-the-board increases in the use of consumer health IT, a digital divide remains evident, linked to lower income and Hispanic origin rather than race.

CONCLUSIONS

Electronic patient portals and PHRs are anticipated to be an important tool for patient engagement in healthcare, and it is therefore important to determine whether they are reaching all patient populations. Our analysis of statewide polling data shows that the use of portals and PHRs has increased sharply in recent years. Although both black and white patients are now equally likely to use the technology overall, low-income and Hispanic patients remain somewhat less likely to use it. Healthcare organizations seeking to use these tools to engage patients should examine their efforts to reach all patient groups. Measures that should be investigated include making these technologies accessible in multiple languages, designing for usability by individuals with low levels of computer expertise, and ensuring access via mobile phone and Web browsers.

Author Affiliations: Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College (JSA, BH, RK), New York, NY.

Source of Funding: The survey was supported by the New York eHealth Collaborative. JSA is supported by an AHRQ grant: K01 HS021531.

Author Disclosures: The authors report no relationship or financial interest with any entity that would pose a conflict of interest with the subject matter of this article.

Authorship Information: Concept and design (JSA, RK); analysis and interpretation of data (JSA, BH); drafting of the manuscript (JSA, BH); critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (JSA, BH, RK); statistical analysis (JSA); obtaining funding (JSA); and supervision (JSA, BH, RK).

Address Correspondence to: Jessica S. Ancker, PhD, MPH, Weill Cornell Medical College, 425 E 61 St, Ste 301, New York, NY 10065. E-mail: jsa7002@med.cornell.edu.

REFERENCES

1. Attitudes of Americans regarding personal health records and nationwide electronic health information exchange. Markle Foundation website. http://www.markle.org/sites/default/files/research_release_101105.pdf. Published October 11, 2005. Accessed July 2016.

2. Westin A. Americans overwhelmingly believe electronic personal health records could improve their health. Markle Foundation website. http://www.markle.org/sites/default/files/ResearchBrief-200806.pdf. Published June 1, 2008. Accessed July 2016.

3. Hsiao C-J, Hing E, Ashman J. Trends in electronic health record system use among office-based physicians: United States, 2007-2013. CDC website. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr075.pdf. Published May 20, 2014. Accessed July 2016.

4. Medicare and Medicaid programs; electronic health record incentive program--stage 2. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2012;77(171):53967-4162.

5. Ancker JS, Barrón Y, Rockoff M, et al. Use of an electronic patient portal among disadvantaged populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(10):1117-1123. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1749-y.

6. Zickuhr K. Who’s not online and why. Pew Research Center website. http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/09/25/whos-not-online-and-why/. Published September 25, 2013. Accessed July 2016.

7. Yamin CK, Emani S, Williams DH, et al. The digital divide in adoption and use of a personal health record. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(6):568-574. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.34.

8. Roblin DW, Houston TK 2nd, Allison JJ, Joski PJ, Becker ER. Disparities in use of a personal health record in a managed care organization. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2009;16(5):683-689. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M3169.

9. Ancker JS, Silver M, Kaushal R. Rapid growth in use of personal health records in New York, 2012-2013. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(6):850-854. doi: 10.1007/s11606-014-2792-2.

10. Empire State Poll introduction. Cornell University Survey Research Institute website. www.sri.cornell.edu/sri/esp.introduction.cfm. Accessed July 28, 2016.

11. Ancker JS, Silver M, Miller MC, Kaushal R. Consumer experience with and attitudes toward health information technology: a nationwide survey. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(1):152-156. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001062.

Download PDF: Socioeconomic Disparities in Adoption of Personal Health Records Over Time