Publication
Article
The American Journal of Managed Care
Determinants of Hospital Length of Stay for Cervical Dysplasia and Cervical Cancer: Does Managed Care Matter?
Objective: To examine whether type of health insurance plan, among other variables, affects the length of stay for cervical cancer-related hospitalizations.
Study Design, Patients, and Methods: Inpatient admission claims records for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer were selected for 1994-1997 from the MarketScan private health insurance claims database. After identifying records by stage of disease and deleting records for pregnant women, 1145 unique patient records were used in a truncated count regression model to analyze the predictors of hospital length of stay.
(Am J Manag Care. 2004;10:33-38)
Results: All later stages of disease were associated with a longer hospital stay. After controlling for other variables, the coefficients showed an increase in predicted length of admission ranging from 2.5 days for stage I to 6.3 days for stage IV cervical cancer compared with dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (all stages, P < .01). There was no significant statistical difference in the lengths of stay for patients covered under comprehensive fee-for-service plans vs other types of health insurance plans, including managed care. Conclusions: Managed care plans are often thought to contain healthcare costs by shortening the hospital length of stay. Our findings show no association between managed care plans and hospital length of stay for women with cervical cancer or its precursors. Managed care plans have dominated recent market efforts to contain healthcare cost inflation. However, their cost-cutting strategies aimed at restricting the volume and mix of services and limiting hospital length of stay (LOS) have been the focus of much criticism. The LOS for programs such as substance abuse treatment is often regarded as a standard measure of treatment success.1 Studies of extremely short hospital stays for childbirth, on the other hand, have highlighted the health risks to mothers and newborns, prompting many states to adopt "early discharge" legislation or other regulations mandating insurers to cover minimum postpartum hospital stays.2-5 Several other studies have looked at the effect of managed care on LOS without addressing at the same time the issue of quality or clinical health outcomes; these studies have covered spinal cord injury6 and stroke7 as well as psychiatric and mental health services.8-10
In this study, we analyze the predictors of LOS for cervical cancer-related hospitalizations. In particular, we examine whether there are differences across payer groups in LOS related to cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. The American Cancer Society11 estimated that 12,200 new cases of invasive cervical cancer would be diagnosed in the United States in 2003 and that 4,100 women would die of the disease. In addition, 50,000 to 60,000 new cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) were expected. Without early detection and treatment, many of these lesions may eventually progress to invasive cervical cancer.
No uniform standard of care has emerged for cervical cancer mostly because of the complexity of the disease. Treatment modalities for cervical cancer differ fundamentally from those for pre-invasive lesions, and the hospital LOS depends on the stage of the disease and the comorbidities of the patient. Although previous studies12-14 have examined the association between hospital utilization and types of health insurance plans in general, the issue of how different insurance plans impact resource utilization specifically for treatment of cervical cancer and its precursors has received little attention so far.
For this analysis, we combined 1994-1997 data from a large private insurance database. To model LOS, we estimated a negative binomial (NB) count data regression, which, unlike Poisson count data models, allows the mean and the variance to be different.
DATA AND METHODS
Data Source
Data used in this study were obtained from MedStat's MarketScan15 database, the largest multisource healthcare database in the United States for the private sector. The database comes from a variety of private insurance benefit plans and consists of claims and encounter records from more than 100 large employers. It covers employees, early retirees, COBRA (Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act) continuees, and dependents - approximately 3.5 million persons annually. Reflecting the participating firms, the population represented is younger, has a higher income, and is more likely to be employed than is the general US population. This data set is particularly useful for our study as cervical cancer affects many younger women, and, based on cancer cases diagnosed during 1997-1999, the probability of developing invasive cancer was found to be higher in the 40- to 59-year-old group than in the 60- to 79-year-old group.11 This is in contrast with most other cancers, including breast cancer, where risk of the disease increases systematically with age.
Methods
International
Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,
Hospital inpatient admission claims records were selected if the principal diagnosis had an code of 180.0, 180.1, 180.8, 180.9, 233.1, or 622.1. These codes correspond to malignant neoplasm of the endocervix, exocervix, other specified sites of the cervix, cervix/uteri unspecified, CIS cervix/uteri, and dysplasia of the cervix, respectively.
International Classification of Diseases,
Ninth Revision,
Pregnant women were excluded from the LOS analysis, as it was difficult to isolate the effects of cervical cancer and its precursors from the effects of pregnancy. The deletion criterion for pregnant women was the presence of code V220-V221, V230-V239, V270-V278, or V300-V392 for any of the diagnosis categories. Observations lost by eliminating pregnancy-related claims accounted for less than 0.3% of inpatient claims records.
The MarketScan data contain information on 7 different types of health plans. The basic/major medical and the comprehensive plans are the traditional fee-for-service plans that reimburse medical expenses regardless of who provides the services. The premiums for the comprehensive plans are higher because they offer better protection. The other 5 plans are variants of managed care. In the exclusive provider organization, the insured is restricted to selecting providers from a limited list and may be required to pay for the entire cost of care obtained outside of this network. In HMOs, comprehensive health services are provided to members in exchange for a fixed, prepaid fee. Most HMOs require the insured to go to a healthcare provider within their organization, and a primary care provider usually directs services and referrals. The preferred provider organization is a group of physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare providers (preferred providers) that have agreed to provide services to members of a health plan for discounted fees. Point-of-service health plans with or without capitation combine the features of an HMO with an indemnity insurance option. The member uses the plan like an HMO and receives HMO coverage; however, the member has "freedom of choice" and may seek care outside the HMO system with higher copayments and deductibles. We first looked at the cross-tabulation of LOS by plan type and applied the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis16 test to examine whether LOS differs across plan types. We then used the truncated NB regression model to adjust for possible confounders in any association between LOS and benefit plan type.
The predictor variables used in the regression analysis of LOS included disease category, patient age, total number of procedures listed for an admission, type of benefit plan, geographic region, admission type, hysterectomy, and a time trend. Patient age and geographic region were included as predictor variables in previous studies of hospital LOS.17,18
For disease classification based on primary and secondary diagnoses, we followed the method described in Table 1.19 Categories of disease included cervical dysplasia, CIS, and cervical cancer (stages I through IV). For this analysis, however, we combined dysplasia and CIS into a single group because CIS corresponds to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III or severe dysplasia. Also, we merged stages II and III because there were few stage III cancers and because given the definitions in Table 1, stage III is actually a subset of stage II. After identifying claims records by stage and deleting records for pregnant women, 1145 unique inpatient records remained for the regression analysis of LOS.
Examination of the principal procedure code for all 1145 inpatient admissions revealed 126 different procedures. Five of these procedures accounted for 63% of the records: total abdominal hysterectomy (corpus and cervix) with or without removal of tube(s) or ovary(s), vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, radical abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and para-aortic lymph node sampling (biopsy) with or without removal of tube(s) or ovary(s), and vaginal hysterectomy with removal of tube(s) or ovary(s). This finding explains our use of hysterectomy as a predictor variable for hospital LOS. The sum of all procedures was listed as a predictor variable to account for the severity of case mix.
The LOS (in days) was used as the count-dependent variable in the regression. The more common linear regression model is not appropriate here because the dependent variable can only take a finite set of values. Poisson models are often used to model these types of data, but Poisson models require the mean and the variance of the dependent variable to be equal. An alternative is to use an NB specification, which includes the Poisson as a special case.20,21 As such, a test of the Poisson model can be imposed in the NB model. The NB differs from the Poisson in that it does not require the mean and the variance to be equal, and it allows the data to be overdispersed (ie, the variance is larger than the mean).
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We use the terminology for the N model as presented by Grogger and Carson (1991).20 The NB models allow the mean and the variance to be different depending on an parameter. It is a generalization of the Poisson distribution and equal to the Poisson if is equal to zero (more precisely as 0). A test of the NB, which allows for overdispersion, vs the Poisson, which requires a mean: variance equality, is testing H0: = 0 against the alternative H1: > 0. We used the truncated NB model because our data selection process precludes the possibility of zero values for LOS.22
RESULTS
P
The descriptive statistics of LOS by health plan type are given in Table 2. There are no zero LOS cases. We ran the NPAR1WAY procedure in SAS to examine Wilcoxon scores for hospital days classified by plan type. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the LOS differences among the plan types had a = .058. This suggested that there might be differences at least at the 10% level when other variables were not controlled for in a regression model.
The descriptive statistics for the explanatory variables used in the LOS regression analysis are given in Table 3. Means and SDs are provided for the continuous variables. For categorical variables, actual counts of observations and their percentages are supplied. Dysplasia and CIS accounted for most inpatient admissions. Admissions were predominantly for surgical reasons, with comprehensive fee-for-service and preferred provider organization plans being the predominant forms of insurance coverage. Regionally, the total number of admissions was highest in the south. The number of admissions showed a continuous increase over the years and was the highest in 1997.
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The results of the truncated NB regression are shown in Table 4. The hypothesis H0: = 0 tested against the alternative H1: > 0 was rejected in favor of the alternative at the 1% level, indicating that the Poisson model was rejected in favor of the NB and overdispersion.
P
P
P
The disease classification variables were all significant. The coefficients showed an increase in predicted length of admission ranging from 2.5 days for stage I to 6.3 days for stage IV cervical cancer vs dysplasia/CIS (all stages, < .01) after controlling for all other variables. The coefficient for the number of procedures performed during the admission was positive and significant (< .01). Medical admission resulted in an additional positive impact on LOS compared with surgical admission (< .05). Hysterectomy was positively, but not significantly, associated with LOS. To account for possible multicollinearity between hysterectomy and admission type, we ran the regression without including admission type as a predictor variable. However, this did not result in a statistically significant coefficient for the hysterectomy variable. The negative value for the time trend coefficient indicated a decline in LOS over time, but the trend was not statistically significant.
All other variables were not significant at the 5% level or greater, including 6 benefit plan type variables vs comprehensive fee-for-service plans. For exclusive provider organization plans, the statistical insignificance may partly be attributed to the small number of observations in this category. Deleting this variable did not affect the sign and statistical significance of the other variables and produced very small changes in the magnitudes of some coefficients while leaving the magnitudes of the other coefficients unchanged. In general, our findings indicate that most other types of insurance coverage do not significantly affect LOS for cervical cancer or its precursors when comprehensive fee for service is the comparison group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study investigated the determinants of LOS for hospitalizations related to cervical cancer. The finding that most admissions were caused by dysplasia and CIS may seem counterintuitive, but this result can be explained by the nature of treatment for cervical cancer or its precursors. Most of the admissions for women with dysplasia or CIS were for hysterectomy, an accepted treatment in women who have finished bearing children. National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1988 to 1997 suggested that most hysterectomies in the United States were performed for benign conditions (83.1%).23 We could not obtain information about parity status and other variables for women who could provide a better explanation about the preponderance of hysterectomy for dysplasia/CIS cases. Our regression results, however, show that although hysterectomy may be responsible for initial hospital admission, it did not have any incremental effect on hospital LOS beyond the other principal procedures listed for these admissions. Regarding invasive cervical cancer, radiotherapy and other treatment methods may routinely be provided on an outpatient basis that would have escaped our inquiry.
Later stages of the disease and the number of procedures performed would be expected to relate to severity of the case, and we found that both were associated with a longer LOS. We did not find that HMOs, point-of-service with capitation plans, or other benefit plans materially affect LOS when comprehensive fee-for-service plans are used as the referent. The cost efficiency of some managed care plans for cervical cancer-related hospitalizations thus should be attributable to other factors, such as utilization review, patients with less comorbidities, and lower reimbursement rates per admission.
Both the principal finding and the method are interesting outcomes of this study. The method is interesting because we used a count data model. It is possible to analyze LOS using multiple linear regression, but the preponderance of small values and the integer nature of LOS suggest that improvements to linear regression can be made. One alternative is the Poisson regression model, which accounts for characteristics of integer-dependent variables (such as LOS) and has been widely used to study such data. A further improvement is the NB specification, which is a flexible alternative to the Poisson. As a testable special case, the NB reduces to the Poisson. This test shows that Poisson distribution is not appropriate given our data.
The implication of the main finding is best illustrated by a counterargument. If managed care plans are found to have shorter LOSs than more generous plans, one could question the appropriateness of the reduced LOS. The quality of medical service in a managed care setting may be held in doubt, as early discharge could result in complications adversely affecting health outcomes. Given that managed care organizations typically have lower costs than more generous plans, our finding of no difference in LOS, even after adjusting for other factors, suggests that managed care plans may improve the efficiency in hospital resource use, at least for the case of cervical cancer and its precursors. However, detailed measures of cost and quality of hospital care must be obtained and considered for proper evaluation of the relative efficiency of different health plans.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the helpful comments of the reviewers of this journal and Don Blackman, PhD, and Herschel Lawson, MD, of the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
From the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Dr Berg is now with McKesson Corporation, Broomfield, Colo. Dr Chattopadhyay is now with the Division of Prevention Research and Analytic Methods, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
This study was presented in part at the Third International Health Economics Association Meetings, York, England, July 23, 2001. Corresponding author: Sajal K. Chattopadhyay, PhD, Division of Prevention Research and Analytic Methods, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail stop K-73, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341. E-mail: skc9@cdc.gov.
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