Publication
Article
Population Health, Equity & Outcomes
How Health Insurance Providers Are Tackling Social Barriers to Health
Author(s):
When people are healthier, care is more affordable for everyone. For the healthcare industry, it is a common-sense decision to confront nonmedical factors that affect people’s health so dramatically.
The American Journal of Accountable Care. 2019;7(4):19-21
As much as 80% of a person’s health is linked to factors other than medical care, such as where one lives, grows up, works, and ages. However, many Americans have significant unmet social needs that affect care quality, health status, and use of care services. For instance, access to healthy foods is central to good health, but 35% of respondents in a recent study stated that they experienced food insecurity and were more than twice as likely to have multiple emergency department visits.1
Investing in prevention is key to healthier people, healthier communities, and lower healthcare costs. Knowing this, health insurance providers and other healthcare professionals are increasingly investing in innovative solutions that address social barriers to health and wellness, also referred to as social determinants of health (SDOH). Although clinicians, health insurance providers, and hospital executives are well versed in studying the impact of medical care like drug dosages, clinical settings, and treatment options on patients’ outcomes, emerging SDOH factors require different kinds of research and different kinds of programs to tackle social issues.
Social Barriers to Healthcare
When people are healthier, care is more affordable for everyone. For the healthcare industry, it is a common-sense decision to confront nonmedical factors that affect people’s health so dramatically. These factors include the proximity between a person and fresh produce or other healthy foods, how easily a person is able to access transportation to medical appointments, whether the person is living in safe and high-quality housing, if the person is living alone or has a social support system in place, and the underlying financial well-being of people and their families and how that affects how they pay for healthcare services.
Research has shown that these SDOH factors have a huge impact on people’s health outcomes. Some have estimated that medical care alone (eg, doctor’s visits, medications, treatment plans) addresses only about 20% of health outcomes.
Health Insurance Providers Are Tackling Social Barriers
Whole-person care requires more than just medical treatment. That’s why health insurance providers are coupling medical care with social approaches to foster an environment that supports the patient’s health goals (Box 1).
For instance, to support a patient who has received a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, an insurance provider may go beyond medications and follow-up appointments to help the patient improve their overall lifestyle. The insurance provider may connect the patient with a dietitian or nutritionist to better support healthy eating habits, or it may work with a local food pantry or grocery store to establish a discount program to improve access to healthy fruits and vegetables.2 For patients who live in areas with limited access to fresh produce, health insurance providers are partnering with mobile food pantries3 and food delivery services4 to make it easier for patients to connect with healthy foods.
Health insurance providers are contributing to vital research efforts to advance the national dialogue on effective SDOH interventions. For example, in recent years, social isolation and loneliness have become recognized as factors that play a critical role in health outcomes. To better understand their effect, in 2018, Cigna released a study highlighting the results of a survey of more than 20,000 US adults that revealed that although nearly half of all Americans often feel alone, younger people are particularly at risk. Generation Z (including adults aged 18-22 years) is the loneliest generation, with the highest loneliness scores. The survey was the basis for a peer-reviewed original research article in the American Journal of Health Promotion.5 The article examines the survey data to better understand what individual factors are most strongly related to loneliness and provides actionable insights that programs can use to improve social connectivity.
Challenges in Designing SDOH Interventions
No one-size-fits-all approach. Designing interventions to address SDOH can be challenging because every person and every community is different. People’s needs change over time, and the availability of community resources varies by zip code. As a result, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to addressing social barriers (Box 2).
Let’s consider housing as an example. A myriad of terms can be used to describe a community’s challenges with housing. One community’s major challenge could be that aging housing stock has not been maintained (ie, housing quality) or that a recent boom in employment has led to increased demand and costs (ie, housing affordability) with a limited supply of available units (ie, housing availability). Each of these terms describes a particular set of challenges. An intervention that successfully addresses housing quality may not be appropriate for a community facing challenges with housing affordability.
Because every community is different, scalability of SDOH interventions remains a challenge. Even if an insurance provider launches a successful program in one community, there’s no guarantee the same model will work in another community.
The need for a sustainable SDOH infrastructure. Health insurance providers are investing in a sustainable SDOH infrastructure that will allow them to identify social needs across populations, quantify the capacity of local community-based organizations, and standardize processes related to assessment and referral for social supports (Box 3).
To better advance use of data, health insurance providers leverage standardized assessment tools to identify social needs at the patient and community level.6 Building off their traditional case management experience, insurance providers are bolstering these services to better address an array of social needs.7 This may require additional training of case managers so staff can better assist with needs outside of housing.8 Others are looking to community health workers and care navigators to better assist their members with navigating social needs. Stemming from a long tradition of philanthropic support for community-based organizations, health insurance providers are exploring new ways in which they can support these community groups to better connect members with readily available resources.
Tracking and monitoring progress. For these interventions to be scalable and sustained, health insurance providers recognize the need for a more rigorous evaluation of SDOH initiatives to better inform their overall impact, including cost savings, return on investment, and long-term impact on the health of individuals and populations. A sustainable SDOH infrastructure should include efforts to capture data that can be leveraged for planning and scaling. Although some coding for SDOH exists, it is often inconsistently used and may be an administrative burden for clinicians. Some available platforms may serve as a central database or repository of available community resources, but they often lack the ability to track and manage referrals and patient outcomes over time.
Navigating government resources. Navigating the complex web of federal, state, and local resources available to support social needs is another challenge facing health insurance providers, clinicians, and health systems. As a part of their case management support, health insurance providers assist members with these processes. Several opportunities are available to enhance engagement across existing federal and state programs (eg, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program eligibility; housing vouchers; Women, Infants, and Children program assistance).
Conclusions
It’s clear that innovative programs to address SDOH are effective, but more work remains to be done to build on existing initiatives. That’s why America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) launched Project Link—an initiative that brings together the best thinking from health insurance providers nationwide on how to effectively address social barriers for their members and their communities.9 Through a learning collaborative and new partnership opportunities, health insurance providers will work closely with other organizations to help communities overcome social barriers to good health. Using Project Link as a foundation, AHIP will utilize its extensive expertise to develop a research and policy agenda to improve health, well-being, and financial stability for consumers, patients, and taxpayers.
Author Affiliation: America’s Health Insurance Plans, Washington, DC.
Source of Funding: None.
Author Disclosures: The author reports no relationship or financial interest with any entity that would pose a conflict of interest with the subject matter of this article.
Authorship Information: Concept and design; drafting of the manuscript; critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; and supervision.
Send Correspondence to: Kate Berry, MA, America’s Health Insurance Plans, 601 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004. Email: kberry@ahip.org.
REFERENCES
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2. Giant Food announces Produce Rx program coming to Washington D.C. store location [news release]. Landover, MD: Giant Food; April 18, 2019. giantfood.com/news-and-media/article-4-18-19. Accessed October 22, 2019.
3. Food and nutrition. Ucare website. home.ucare.org/en-us/health-wellness/nutrition. Accessed October 23, 2019.
4. Delivering healthy meals to food deserts. Health Care Service Corporation website. hcsc.com/newsroom/category/community-health/foodq-healthy-meal-delivery-food-desert. Published May 23, 2019. Accessed October 23, 2019.
5. Bruce LD, Wu JS, Lustig SL, Russell DW, Nemecek DA. Loneliness in the United States: a 2018 national panel survey of demographic, structural, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(8):1123-1133. doi: 10.1177/0890117119856551.
6. Centene Corporation announces formation of Social Health Bridge to address social determinants of health [news release]. St. Louis, MO: Centene Corporation; February 22, 2019. investors.centene.com/news-releases/news-release-details/centene-corporation-announces-formation-social-health-bridge. Accessed October 25, 2019.
7. Thrive. Kaiser Permanente website. thrive.kaiserpermanente.org. Accessed October 25, 2019.
8. Lunsford J. CareOregon housing managers help members find a home to heal. The Lund Report website. thelundreport.org/content/careoregon-housing-managers-help-members-find-home-heal. Published June 7, 2017. Accessed November 6, 2019.
9. Project Link. ahip.org/project-link. America’s Health Insurance Plans website. Accessed November 6, 2019.
