Social determinants of health, including stress, social support and environmental hazards, among other factors, impact the lives of patients beyond the clinic door. It is unclear which health system stakeholders should own the responsibilities of improving these health-related measures, yet US payment systems are moving to hold individual providers accountable for associated health improvements. This represents a misalignment of accountability and capability, write two researchers in a viewpoint from the current issue of The American Journal of Accountable Care®.