Researchers Describe Possible Mechanism for Distorted Cognition in SLE

A recent study out of Singapore described findings that may explain how cognitive dysfunction occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

The issue of SLE is particularly important in Asia, because patients there suffer from more severe disease and damage compared with patients in Western countries, the authors said.

In Singapore, the prevalence of childhood SLE has been reported to be 14.2 per 100,000 children, while that of adult SLE is 40 per 100,000 adult population. Cognitive dysfunction is common in patients with SLE.

Earlier studies have shown that 25% of SLE patients were found to have cognitive dysfunction, compared with 7.3% in age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. Common cognitive dysfunction includes impairment of simple reaction time, sustained and selected attention, memory search, working memory, and short-term memory for learned associations, which result in reduced health-related quality of life and a negative impact on vocational capability.

The neural mechanism leading to cognitive dysfunction in patients with SLE remains unknown. Researchers at the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine attempted to unravel the mechanisms by adopting non-invasive diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the brains of patients with SLE, particularly the white matter, coupled with computerized neuropsychological assessment.

The Investigators probed brain white matter free water changes in SLE. White matter free water refers to water molecules surrounding white matter in the brain that are able to diffuse unhindered.

The free-water signals in patients without clinically overt neuropsychiatric manifestations were compared with a group of matched healthy participants using the novel free water diffusion MRI technique. The researchers discovered that patients with SLE had significantly higher white matter free water than their healthy counterparts, suggesting possible microvascular degradation and/or inflammation. Such increases in free water were significantly related to cognitive dysfunction, especially sustained attention, as well as cumulative dosage of medical steroids.

“The clinical implications of the study would indicate to physicians that steroids should be judiciously prescribed, aiming for the lowest possible dose for the shortest possible duration. While systemic use of steroids will continue to be the mainstay of treatment for moderate to severe SLE-related inflammation, there are other therapeutic options that could produce similar results: these should be considered first in order to reduce steroid use or shorten the necessary course,” Anselm Mak, MD, PhD, clinician scientist with the Division of Rheumatology at the Department of Medicine, said in a statement.

He also added that there are other SLE manifestations that could be symptomatically treated without the prescription of steroids. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could be used for milder inflammation, topical treatment for hair loss and topical analgesics for oral ulcers.

Patients on long-term steroid treatments should also be regularly assessed and monitored for cognitive dysfunction. The researchers noted that the use of the Automated Neuropsychiatric Assessment Matrix, which has been validated for use in adult and pediatric patients with SLE, is an efficient and effective tool for these regular evaluations.

Further research will have to be conducted to find out if a reduction of steroid dosage would be related to reduction of white matter free water that would lead to an improvement to cognitive function in patients. The team is also keen to further investigate the mechanism of the increase in white matter free water underlying cognitive decline using multimodal imaging, behavioral, and blood assays in patients longitudinally.