Publication
Article
The American Journal of Managed Care
The Effect of HEDIS Measurement of Colorectal Cancer Screening on Insurance Plans in Pennsylvania
Author(s):
In 2006, the NCQA began reporting colorectal cancer screening rates of member plans as a HEDIS measure, which is associated with Pennsylvania health system changes.
Objective: To determine the effect of Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measurement of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening on insurance plans in Pennsylvania.
Study Design: Natural experiment tracking changes in CRC screening policies.
Methods: Survey data were collected in 2006 on screening policies of 13 Pennsylvania commercial insurers offering 37 plans. All companies that met the inclusion criteria were surveyed. Medical directors answered questions about how HEDIS measures affected plan benefit designs. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results
: All companies responded and focused their responses on a particular plan as requested, including 2 health maintenance organizations, 3 point-of-service plans, 2 fee-for-service plans, and 6 preferred provider organizations. The survey results indicated that 39% of plans revised their screening guidelines, 46% established new or updated reminder systems, and 46% established new systems for tracking screening rates. Although only the health maintenance organization plans were linked to HEDIS with formal reporting, all types of plans reported changes that they attributed to the HEDIS measure.
Conclusion: The establishment of the new HEDIS measure on screening for CRC has been associated with changes in health plan policies and practices in Pennsylvania.
(Am J Manag Care. 2008;14(5):277-282)
The addition of screening for colorectal cancer to the publicly reported Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures in 2006 is associated with changes implemented by Pennsylvania health plans that have been shown to increase screening rates, such as the following:
- Revised screening guidelines that shape physician recommendations for screening
- Measurement of screening rates
- New tracking systems
These changes were implemented even by plans that did not have a formal reporting relationship with the National Committee for Quality Assurance, which collects and reports the HEDIS data.
Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a beneficial and costeffective way to advance the public’s health by reducing the incidence and mortality of CRC, the nation’s second leading cause of cancer deaths.1 Colorectal cancer screening was designated as one of the highest priority preventive services by the National Commission on Preventive Priorities after 2 years of deliberation and analysis; the commission’s choice rested on 2 criteria, the burden of disease that could be prevented and the cost-effectiveness.2
Yet, the national screening rate of approximately 57% remains less than optimal.3 A nationwide survey of health plans conducted in 1999-2000 showed deficiencies in insurance coverage for recommended CRC screening tests and in the organizational systems that encourage enrollees to make use of such coverage where it exists.4 Only 57% offered coverage for colonoscopy, 41% had any system for monitoring delivery or outcome of screening, fewer than 25% had patient reminder systems, 16% had provider reminder systems, and 11% had tracking systems to determine whether invited enrollees completed screening. Only 5% tracked to determine whether individuals with positive screens received proper follow-up: 5% tracked the results of the follow-up tests, and 10% tracked adverse events related to the follow-up tests.
Evidence is strong that lack of insurance coverage is an impediment to the use of preventive services, including CRC screening tests.1,5 There is also considerable evidence supporting the usefulness of patient reminder systems and of tracking and feedback as effective approaches to raising screening rates.6-10
In 2003, in an effort to improve the country’s screening record, the National Committee for Quality Assurance11 (NCQA) added the CRC screening rate to the measures it requests from its health maintenance organization (HMO) member plans and announced that it would begin reporting these rates to the public in 2006. Given the earlier national survey, 4 this initiative on the part of the NCQA created the basis for a natural experiment in which it became possible to document the changes associated with this new public policy.
The NCQA is a voluntary organization with the mission of improving the quality of healthcare by creating accountability through application of measurement tools and transparency.11 The organization publishes measures and report cards that reflect the quality of care offered by managed care plans.12-15 Until recently, only HMOs were part of the NCQA reporting system. Preferred provider organizations (PPOs) subsequently became eligible in 2007. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is a group of measures that has been published annually by the NCQA to provide information to employers and to other purchasers of health services about the performance of managed care (HMO) plans. The approach of the NCQA and other organizations that promote measurement, transparency, and accountability has been endorsed by the Institute of Medicine in its reports on quality and the healthcare system.16,17 The transparency achieved through public reporting of CRC screening rates was predicted to stimulate accountability that would raise screening rates among NCQA members. Whether there would also be an effect on non-HMO health plans that do not participate in the NCQA reporting was another question.
Pennsylvania is the sixth largest state, with a population of 12.4 million people (or 4% of the US population according to US census data). In 2006, the Pennsylvania General Assembly sought to gather information that would inform policy making in the area of CRC screening. The assembly was considering the establishment of a state mandate on insurers for the provision of CRC screening coverage that included the full range of options recommended by national consensus panels. An earlier effort to pass such legislation in 2002 was opposed by the insurance industry based on the claim that such screening coverage was already universal and that a mandate was unnecessary. In 2006, an assembly standing committee funded a survey of health insurance companies to provide unbiased information regarding CRC screening coverage. The survey included questions on the effect of HEDIS measurement of screening rates on plan policies. The findings of the survey are reported herein.
METHODSStudy DesignInsurance companies that market health plans in Pennsylvania were identified from a listing in the Directory of Health Plans published by Atlantic Information Systems, Inc.18 The listing included all health plans offered by each company with business in the state. There were 37 plans in all. The listing included the size of the enrollment in each plan type and the name of the medical director and his or her contact information.
The following 2 inclusion criteria applied to insurance companies: (1) the insurance company had to offer at least 1 commercial health plan in the state (non-Medicare and non-Medicaid) and (2) at least 1 of its plans had to have a significant enrollment in Pennsylvania, defined as more than 25,000 enrollees. A minimum of 25,000 enrollees was chosen because only 5 plans had fewer than 25,000 enrollees, which added together produced a combined enrollment of less than 1% of the total enrollment, and the next smallest enrollment was 4 times that large. Plans designated for Medicare or Medicaid enrollees were excluded because their policies are determined at the state or federal level and not by the insurance company and because they would not have been affected by a proposed state insurance mandate. The study was given an expedited review and was approved by the Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Review Board.
Sample and Population
Thirteen companies met the inclusion criteria. The companies insured 8.3 million people. Eleven of 13 companies offered several types of plans, for a total of 37 plans. Two companies offered only HMOs; the rest offered several types of plans. Every company offered at least 1 HMO, 11 companies offered PPOs, 9 companies offered POS plans (an HMO or a PPO plus an indemnity plan), and 8 companies offered FFS plans. Although HMO was the most common plan type in the state, the enrollment in PPOs exceeded that of HMOs.
Survey ResponseAll 13 companies responded to the survey with answers based on the policies for the plan type that was identified by the research team, including 2 HMOs, 3 POS plans, 2 FFS plans, and 6 PPOs. The responses about a particular plan type offered by a particular company did not mean that all policies of that plan type (ie, all PPO plans sold by a single company) were uniform. A company could have a plan type (PPO, POS, or FFS) with different features depending on the purchaser of the plan.
Across all insurance companies that participated in our survey, enrollment in PPOs was the largest, accounting for 71% of the enrollees. Health maintenance organizations and POS plans had the next highest enrollment with 16% and 12% of the enrolled population, respectively, followed by FFS plans with 11% of the enrolled population. Compared with statewide distribution across plan types (61% PPO, 35% HMO, and 4% FFS and POS), this sample overselected for PPO, FFS, and POS plans, none of which had a formal reporting relationship with the NCQA. The median enrollment was 350,000.
Screening GuidelinesTen of 13 respondents (77%) had guidelines or protocols regarding CRC screening for individuals at average risk. Seven plans (54%) also had guidelines or protocols for individuals at increased risk or high risk. Only 3 medical directors (23%) reported having no guidelines or protocols regarding CRC screening (Table 1).
Five respondents (39%) reported that they revised their guidelines specifically as a result of the new HEDIS CRC measure; although 7 (54%) revised their guidelines after 2003. The question read, “Has your plan implemented any of the following in response to the HEDIS CRC screening measure” and then listed choices, including revised guidelines.
In response to a question about which practice guidelines influenced the plan screening policies, the US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines were the most influential (very) with 92% of plans. Other guidelines and sources were very or somewhat influential, including guidelines of the American Cancer Society, clinical evidence published in the literature, Medicare policy, and technology assessment reports.
MeasurementRespondents were asked whether the plan measured the CRC screening rate and whether they measured the HEDIS rate specifically. The first question read, “Does your plan measure colorectal cancer screening tests?” A subsequent question asked, “Has your plan implemented the HEDIS measure on colorectal cancer screening?” (the measure is a rate based on enrollees aged >50 years).
Nine respondents (69%) measured CRC screening tests, although only 8 gave a specific starting date for doing so. Nine respondents (69%) implemented the HEDIS measure, although only 8 attested in response to another question that they measured the HEDIS rate (Table 2). Three more respondents anticipated that they would implement the HEDIS measure in the next 12 months. The 9 plans included every type of plan (HMO, PPO, POS, and FFS). One plan began measuring CRC screening before 2003, and 7 plans began during or after 2003. All but 1 plan (which started later) began measuring the HEDIS rate in 2004, the first year the measure was reported.
Screening Recruitment, Reminders, and TrackingMost plans reported recruitment and reminder activities. For recruitment, 9 plans (69%) distributed printed information about screening directly to enrollees; 8 plans (62%) provided information over the Internet on Web sites.
Nine plans (69%) reminded individual enrollees that they were due for screening. Six plans (46%) implemented new or updated reminder systems in response to the HEDIS measure (Table 3). The most common form of reminder was regular mail, used by all 9 plans. Two plans used other approaches as well, including verbal prompts, e-mails, telephone calls, and personalized Web pages.
Six plans (46%) implemented new or updated data systems to track CRC screening in response to the HEDIS measure. Seven plans (54%) counted the number of eligible enrollees who received reminders, 4 plans (31%) routinely gave lists of enrollees who were not up-to-date to their primary care providers, 5 plans (39%) tracked the number of reminded enrollees to see who completed the tests, and 2 plans (15%) recontacted enrollees directly if they were not screened after the initial contact.
Of 12 respondents to a question about the level of implementation of recruitment and tracking activities (plan or provider level), 5 (39%) engaged in these activities at the plan level only, 5 (39%) at provider and plan levels, and 2 (15%) at the provider level only.
Other Quality MeasuresHealth plans initiated other steps as a part of their response to the HEDIS measure. Three plans (23%) covered more types of CRC screening tests, and 1 plan (8%) lowered out-of-pocket charges for CRC screening (Table 3). One plan (8%) provided financial incentives to physicians for achieving performance measures on CRC screening (pay for performance).
Three plans (23%) conducted quality improvement studies (“Has your plan conducted any quality improvement studies of colorectal cancer screening?”). The activities included studies of mailed reminders, interactive voice recognition calls, barrier analyses regarding obstacles to screening, and quality assessment for plan members older than 65 years. One plan had implemented these activities in 2004 and 2 plans in 2005 or later.
Follow-up
Our findings indicate that Pennsylvania insurers and health plans took specific actions in response to the new HEDIS measure on CRC screening. Nine plans (69%) implemented the HEDIS measure, 5 plans (39%) revised their screening guidelines, 6 plans (46%) established new or updated enrollee or provider reminder systems, 6 plans (46%) established new or updated data systems to track CRC screening, 1 plan (8%) provided new financial incentives to physicians, and 1 plan (8%) lowered out-of-pocket payments. No plans tracked whether follow-up procedures were obtained after screening; however, 1 plan tracked the results of the follow-up procedure, and 1 plan tracked adverse events associated with the follow-up procedure.
DISCUSSION
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality nationwide. It is largely preventable through regular screening and polyp removal, and morbidity and mortality could be reduced through early detection. It is clear that a rise in screening rates associated with efforts to improve awareness of and access to preventive services will reduce the clinical burden of CRC.22 The addition of a measure on CRC screening to the HEDIS reporting system of the NCQA was intended to improve accountability in the delivery of preventive services through reporting and transparency within those plans for which HEDIS reporting is required. This study provides preliminary evidence that the presence of the measure has contributed to insurer policy changes in the state of Pennsylvania. Assessment of the developments associated with the new HEDIS measure on a nationwide basis will provide a fuller picture.
Acknowledgments
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