Publication
Article
Supplements and Featured Publications
Treating to Target: Implementing an Effective Diabetes Care Paradigm for Managed Care
Author(s):
Author Affiliations: From Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (AJA); Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group, San Diego, CA (DC B); Outpatient Services, Monarch Healthcare, Irvine, CA (RB); Health Intelligence Partners, Chicago, IL (JEB); Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (MAB); Department of Family Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (LC); Pharmacy Service, Arcadian Health Plan, San Dimas, CA (GSO); Brush, CO (MR ); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (FKW).
Funding Source: Financial support for this work was provided by Novo Nordisk.
Author Disclosures: Dr Ahmann reports being a consultant/advisory board member for Biodel, MannKind, and Novo Nordisk, grants from Amylin, Lilly, MannKind, and Medtronic, and receiving honoraria from and paid lectureship for Amylin, Lilly, Merck, and Sanofi. Dr Balfour reports being an advisory board member for GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Ortho-McNeil, Sanofi, Takeda, and Teva. Dr Bush reports being a consultant/advisory board member for Novo Nordisk and on the speakers' bureau for Lilly, Merck, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Culpepper served on the advisory board for AstraZeneca, Lilly, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and Wyeth. Drs Beltran, Berger, Ringel, and Welty and Ms Owens report no relationship or financial interest with any entity that would pose a conflict of interest with the subject matter of this supplement.
Authorship Information: Concept and design (DCB, MAB, LC, GSO, FKW); acquisition of data (DCB); analysis and interpretation of data (AJA, RB, MAB, LC); drafting of the manuscript (AJA, DCB, RB, MAB, LC, GSO, FKW); critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (AJA, RB, MAB, LC, MR , GSO, FKW); and administrative, technical, or logistic support (JEB, GSO).
Address correspondence to: Jan E. Berger, MD, President & CEO, Health Intelligence Partners, 3842 Monticello Ave, Chicago, IL 60618. E-mail: janberger@comcast.net.
Section 1
1. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1278-1283.
2. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988-1994 and 2005-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:287-294.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early release of selected estimates based on data from the January-June 2005 National Health Interview Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/200512_14.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2009.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2007.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2009.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Maps of trends in diabetes and obesity. CDC Division of Diabetes Translation; National Diabetes Surveillance System; May 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/slides/maps_diabetesobesity_trends.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2009.
6. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil AW, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405-412.
7. DECODE Study Group; European Diabetes Epidemiology Group.
Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetic Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet.
1999;354:617-621.
8. American Heart Association. Diabetes. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifer=3044745. AccessedNovember 5, 2009.
9. American Heart Association. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3044762. Accessed November 5, 2009.
10. Wandell PE. Quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus. An overview of research in primary health care in the Nordic countries. Scand J Prim Care. 2005;23:68-74.
11. Rubin RR, Peyrot M. Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999;15:205-218.
12. Tabaei BP, Shill-Novak J, Brandle M, et al. Glycemia and the quality of well-being in patients with diabetes. Qual Life Res. 2004;13:1153-1161.
13. Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L, McCall A, et al. The effects of glucose fluctuations on cognitive function and QOL: the functional costs of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;12(9 suppl):20-26.
14. Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066-1070.
15. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:917-932.
16. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2007 [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1271]. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:596-615.
17. American Diabetes Association. Third-party reimbursement for diabetes care, self-management education, and supplies. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 1):S86-S87.
18. Gerich JE. Contributions of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:447-456.
19. Virally M, Blickle JF Girard J, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, pathophysiology, unmet needs and therapeutical perspectives. Diabetes Metab. 2007;33:231-244.
20. Goldstein BJ. Insulin resistance as the core defect in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(5A):3G-10G.
21. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease [published correction appears in Diabetes. 1996;45:1655]. Diabetes. 1995;44:1249-1258.
22. Simonson GD, Kendall DM. Diagnosis of insulin resistance and associated syndromes: the spectrum from the metabolic syndrome to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis. 2005;16:465-472.
23. Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Hull RL, et al. Impact of intra-abdominal fat and age on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Diabetes. 2004;53:2867-2872.
24. Elbein SC. The genetics of human noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. J Nutr. 1997;127:1891S-1896S.
25. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, et al. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:201-209.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Percentage of Risk Factors for Complications Among Adults with Diabetes, United States, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/comp/fig10.htm. Accessed December 16, 2009.
27. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-340.
28. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977-986.
29. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837-853.
30. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive bloodglucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34) [published correction appears in Lancet. 1998;352:1557]. Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.
31. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:103-117.
32. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S11-S61.
33. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S13-S61.
34. International Expert Committee. International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1344-1345.
35. Ford ES, Li C, Little RR, Mokdad AH. Trends in A1C concentrations among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes from 1999 to 2004. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:102-104.
36. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(5):383-393.
37. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):580-591.
38. Spann SJ, Nutting PA, Galliher JM, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting: a practice-based research network study. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4(1):23-31.
Section 2
1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S13-S61.
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S11-S61.
3. Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(suppl 1):1-68.
4. IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guideline for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2005. http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF%20GGT2D.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2009.
5. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:193-203.
6. Look AHEAD Research Group; Pi-Sunyer X, Blackburn G, Brancati FL, et al. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes: one-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1374-1383.
7. Wing R. Reduction in weight and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM): four-year results of Look AHEAD. Obesity 2009; October 25, 2009;Washington, DC. Abstract 06-OR.
8. Funnell MM, Brown TL, Childs BP, et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S87-S94.
9. National Diabetes Education Program. Fact Sheet. Changing the way diabetes is treated. http://www.ndep.nih.gov/media/NDEP_FactSheet.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2010.
10. Welchol (colesevelam hydrochloride) [prescribing information]. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc; January 2008.
11. Cycloset (bromocriptine mesylate) [prescribing information]. VeroScience LLC; April 2009.
12. Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). Diabetes Care. 2003;26:881-885.
13. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Keise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1387-1388]. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2427-2443.
14. Alvarez Guisasola F, Tofe Povedano S, Krishnarajah G, et al. Hypoglycaemic symptoms, treatment satisfaction, adherence and their associations with glycaemic goal in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from the Real-Life Effectiveness and Care Patterns of Diabetes Management (RECAP-DM) Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(suppl 1):25-32.
15. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Gerich J; Insulin Glargine 4002 Study Investigators. The Treat-to-Target Trial: randomized addition of glargine or human NPH insulin to oral therapy of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3080-3086.
16. Horvath K, Jeitler K, Berghold A, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD005613.
17. Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure. A consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation. 2003;108:2941-2948.
18. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group [published correction appears in Lancet. 1998;352:1558]. Lancet. 1998;352:854-865.
19. Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab. 2006;3:153-165.
20. De Leon DD, Crutchlow MF, Ham JY, Stoffers DA. Role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38:845-859.
21. Nauck MA. Unraveling the science of incretin biology. Am J Med. 2009;122(6 suppl):S3-S10.
22. Drucker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929-2940.
23. Holloway AC, Petrik JJ, Bruin JE, Gerstein HC. Rosiglitazone prevents diabetes by increasing beta-cell mass in an animal model of type 2 diabetes characterized by reduced beta-cell mass at birth. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(9):763-771.
24. Degn KB, Juhl CB, Sturis J, et al. One week's treatment with the long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 derivative liraglutide (NN2211) markedly improves 24-h glycemia and alpha- and beta-cell function and reduces endogenous glucose release in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:1187-1194.
25. Nauck MA, Kleine N, Orskov C, et al. Normalization of fasting hyperglycaemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) in type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1993;36:741-744.
26. Ahren B, Landin-Olsson M, Jansson PA, et al. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2078-2084.
27. Galvus, a new treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes, receives European approval for label update paving the way for EU launches [news release]. Novartis. February 2008. http://hugin.info/134323/R/1187381/238209.pdf. Accessed October 26, 2009.
28. Januvia (sitagliptin) [prescribing information]. Merck & Co, Inc; March 2009. http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/j/januvia/januvia_pi.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2009.
29. Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2006;28:1556-1568.
30. Hermansen K, Kipnes M, Luo E, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9:733-745.
31. Aschner P, Kipnes MS, Lunceford JK, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2632-2637.
32. Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2638-2643.
33. Goldstein BJ, Feinglos MN, Lunceford JK, et al. Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, and metformin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes [published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1713]. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1979-1987.
34. Onglyza (saxagliptin) [prescribing information]. Bristol-Myers Squibb; July 2009. http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi_onglyza.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2009.
35. Jadzinsky M, Pfutzner A, Paz-Pacheco E, et al. Saxagliptin given in combination with metformin as initial therapy improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with either monotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:611-622.
36. FDA-Information for Healthcare Professionals Information 09/25/2009. Sitagliptin (marketed as Januvia and Janumet)-acute pancreatitis. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm183800.htm.
37. Dore DD, Seeger JD, Arnold Chan K. Use of a claims-based active drug safety surveillance system to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide or sitagliptin compared to metformin or glyburide. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1019-1027.
38. Williams-Herman D, Round E, Swern AS, et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2008;8:14.
39. Byetta (exenatide) [prescribing information]. Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc; June 2008. http://pi.lilly.com/us/byetta-pi.pdf. Accessed September 22, 2009.
40. Amylin Pharmaceuticals [press release], November 2, 2009. Amylin Pharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly and Company Statement on FDA's BYETTA (Exenatide) Injection Update. http://phx.corporateir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=101911&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1349648.
41. DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1092-1100.
42. Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 20 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2628-2635.
43. Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1083-1091.
44. Zinman B, Hoogwerf BJ, Duran Garcia S, et al. The effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial [published correction appears in Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:896]. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:477-485.
45. Fineman MS, Shen LZ, Taylor K, et al. Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing doselimiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20:411-417.
46. Information for healthcare professionals: exenatide (marketed as Byetta) - 8/2008 update. FDA; August 18, 2008. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124713.htm. Accessed October 27, 2009.
47. Noel RA, Braun DK, Patterson RE, Bloomgren GL. Increased risk of acute pancreatitis and biliary disease observed in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:834-838.
48. Victoza (liraglutide) [prescribing information]. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: Novo Nordisk; January 2010. http://www.victoza.com/pdf/PI_(1_Column_Format).pdf. Accessed February 24, 2010.
49. Jonker D, Toft AD, Kristensen P, et al. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the once-daily GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in healthy volunteers and comparison to exenatide. Presented at: 2007 American Diabetes Association Meeting (abstract #0605-P). http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=54328. Accessed September 23, 2009.
50. Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, et al. Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2009;373:473-481.
51. Marre M, Shaw J, Brandle M, et al. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-1 SU). Diabet Med. 2009;26:268-278.
52. Nauck M, Frid A, Hermansen K, et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes)-2 Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:84-90.
53. Zinman B, Gerich J, Buse JB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in combination with metformin and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD). Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1224-1230.
54. Russell-Jones D, Vaag A, Schmitz O, et al. Significantly better glycemic control and weight reduction with liraglutide, a oncedaily human GLP-1 analog, compared with insulin glargine: all as add-on to metformin and a sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes. Presented at: 2008 American Diabetes Association Meeting (abstract #536-P). http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=69843. Accessed September 23, 2009.
55. Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet. 2009;374:39-47.
56. Garber AJ, Henry R, Ratner R, et al. Monotherapy with liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analog, provides sustained reductions A1C, FPG, and weight compared with glimepiride in type 2 diabetes: LEAD-3 Mono 2-year results. Presented at: 2009 American Diabetes Association Meeting (abstract #162-OR). http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=74465. Accessed September 23, 2009.
57. Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2008;372:1240-1250.
58. Kim T, Taylor K, Wilhelm K, et al. Exenatide once-weekly treatment elicits sustained glycemic control and weight loss over 2 years. Presented at: 2009 American Diabetes Association Meeting (abstract #159-OR). http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=74462. Accessed September 22, 2009.
59. Bloomgarden ZT, Dodis R, Viscoli CM, et al. Lower baseline glycemia reduces apparent oral agent glucose-lowering efficacy: a meta-regression analysis. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2137-2139.
60. Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Blonde L, et al. Road maps to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Endocr Pract. 2007;13:260-268.
61. Rodbard HW, Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, et al. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009;15:540-559.
Section 3
1. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S13-S61.
2. Ford ES, Li C, Little RR, Mokdad AH. Trends in A1C concentrations among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes from 1999 to 2004. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:102-104.
3. Spann SJ, Nutting PA, Galliher JM, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting: a practice-based research network study. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4:23-31.
4. Massi-Benedetti M, Orsini-Federici M. Treatment of type 2 diabetes with combined therapy: what are the pros and cons? Diabetes Care. 2008;31(suppl 2):S131-S135.
5. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:193-203.
6. Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(suppl 1):1-68.
7. Jellinger PS, Davidson JA, Blonde L, et al. Road maps to achieve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: ACE/AACE Diabetes Road Map Task Force. Endocr Pract. 2007;13:260-268.
8. Grant RW, Wexler DJ, Watson AJ, et al. How doctors choose medications to treat type 2 diabetes: a national survey of specialists and academic generalists. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1448-1453.
9. Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Lauritzen T, et al. Resistance to insulin therapy among patients and providers: results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2673-2679.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Team care: comprehensive lifetime management for diabetes. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2001. National Diabetes Education Program: http://www.ndep.nih.gov/media/TeamCare.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2009.
11. Thinking outside the pillbox: a system-wide approach to improving patient medication adherence for chronic disease. New England Healthcare Institute; August 2009. http://www.nehi.net/publications/44/thinking_outside_the_pillbox_a_systemwide_approach_to_improving_patient_medication_adherence_for_chronic_disease. Accessed October 4, 2009.
12. Kuritzky L. Overcoming barriers to insulin replacement. J Fam Pract. 2009;58(8 suppl):S25-S31.
13. Austin MM. Diabetes educators: partners in diabetes care and management. Endocr Pract. 2006;12(suppl 1):138-141.
14. American Association of Diabetes Educators. Diabetes education fact sheet. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/export/sites/aade/_resources/pdf/Diabetes_Education_Fact_Sheet_2009.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2009.
15. American Diabetes Association. Third-party reimbursement for diabetes care, self-management education, and supplies. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S85-S86.
16. American Association of Diabetes Educators. Role of the diabetes educator. http://www.diabeteseducator.org/export/sites/aade/_resources/pdf/Definition_Diabetes_Educator.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2009.
17. Daly A, Kulkarni K, Boucher J. The new credential: advanced diabetes management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:940-943.
18. Robbins JM, Thatcher GE, Webb DA, Valdmanis VG. Nutritionist visits, diabetes classes, and hospitalization rates and charges: the Urban Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:655-660.
19. Boren SA, Fitzner KA, Panhalkar PS, Specker JE. Costs and benefits associated with diabetes education: a review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2009;35:72-96.
20. Lieder TR. Rhode Island insurers pick up tab for diabetes self-management education. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58:751-752, 754, 756.
21. American Pharmacists Association. Medication therapy management: MTM Central. http://www.pharmacist.com/AM/Template.cfm?ContentID=11481&Section=Pharmacist_Practitioners&TPLID=96&Template=TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm. Accessed October 2, 2009.
22. Shapiro KB. New opportunities in medication therapy management. Medscape Pharmacists; May 16, 2007. http://cme.medscape.com/viewarticle/556492. Accessed October 1, 2009.
23. Karkashian C, Schlundt D. Diabetes. In: Sabate E, ed. Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003:71-85. http://www.who.int/chp/knowledge/publications/adherence_full_report.pdf. Accessed September 30, 2009.
24. Cramer JA. A systematic review of adherence with medications for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1218-1224.
25. Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. Med Care. 2005;43:521-530.
26. Odegard PS, Capoccia K. Medication taking and diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33:1014-1029.
27. Skinner TC. Psychological barriers. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(suppl 2):T13-T17.
28. Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Lauritzen T, et al. Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN) study. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1379-1385.
29. Lerman I. Adherence to treatment: the key for avoiding long-term complications of diabetes. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:300-306.
30. Melikian C, White TJ, Vanderplas A, et al. Adherence to oral antidiabetic therapy in a managed care organization: a comparison of monotherapy, combination therapy, and fixed-dose combination therapy. Clin Ther. 2002;24:460-467.
31. Vanderpoel DR, Hussein MA, Watson-Heidari T, et al. Improved adherence with rosiglitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination therapy: a retrospective analysis. Presented at: 64th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association; Orlando, FL; June 4-8, 2004. Abstract 2014-PO. http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=46043. Accessed October 3, 2009.
32. Meece J. Dispelling myths and removing barriers about insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(1 suppl):9S-18S.
33. Marrero DG. Overcoming patient barriers to initiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Cornerstone. 2008;9:63-70.
34. Davis SN, Renda SM. Psychological insulin resistance: overcoming barriers to starting insulin therapy. Diabetes Educ. 2006;32(suppl 4):146S-152S.
35. Nakar S, Yitzhaki G, Rosenberg R, Vinker S. Transition to insulin in type 2 diabetes: family physicians' misconception of patients' fears contributes to existing barriers. J Diabetes Complications. 2007;21:220-226.
36. Korytkowski M, Niskanen L, Asakura T. FlexPen: addressing issues of confidence and convenience in insulin delivery. Clin Ther. 2005;27(suppl B):S89-S100.
37. Goldman DP, Joyce GF, Zheng Y. Prescription drug cost sharing: associations with medication and medical utilization and spending and health. JAMA. 2007;298:61-69.
38. Spaulding A, Fendrick AM, Herman WH, et al. A controlled trial of value-based insurance design-the MHealthy: Focus on Diabetes (FOD) trial. Implement Sci. 2009;4:19.
39. Fendrick AM, Edlin ML. Value-based insurance design landscape digest. National Pharmaceutical Council; 2009. http://www.sph.umich.edu/vbidcenter/pdfs/NPC_VBIDreport_7-22-09.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2009.
40. Mahoney JJ. Reducing patient drug acquisition costs can lower diabetes health claims. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11(5 suppl):S170-S176.
41. Fera T, Bluml BM, Ellis WM. Diabetes Ten City Challenge: final economic and clinical results. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2009;49:383-391.
42. Cranor CW, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: short-term outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003;43:149-159.
43. Cranor CW, Bunting BA, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003;43:173-184.
44. Cranor CW, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: factors associated with outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003;43:160-172.
45. BRiDGE Project for Improved Health Outcomes. Lancaster County Business Group on Health; 2008. http://www.lcbgh.org/bridge.htm. Accessed October 1, 2009.
46. The BRiDGE Project for Improved Health Outcomes. Phase 1: diabetes. Lancaster County Business Group on Health. http://www.lcbgh.org/bridge07.pdf. Accessed October 1, 2009.
